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Bystander Intervention in Image-Based Sexual Abuse: A Scoping Review
Sofie Boye Kromann1, Asher Flynn2,3
1Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark.
Trauma, Violence & Abuse
|June 27, 2025
Summary
Bystanders to image-based sexual abuse (IBSA) can intervene, but fear and uncertainty often lead to inaction. More research is needed on diverse populations and practical guidance for intervention.
Area of Science:
- Social Sciences
- Psychology
- Criminology
Background:
- Image-based sexual abuse (IBSA) is a prevalent form of technology-facilitated sexual violence.
- Bystander intervention is recognized as a key factor in preventing or mitigating harm from IBSA.
- Empirical research specifically on bystanders and IBSA remains limited.
Purpose of the Study:
- To consolidate current knowledge on bystanders and IBSA.
- To synthesize findings on terminology, prevalence, attitudes, interventions, and barriers.
- To identify gaps in the existing literature.
Main Methods:
- A systematic scoping review of scholarly and gray literature.
- Inclusion criteria: English or Danish publications focusing on bystander perspectives.
- Analysis of 17 selected studies.
Main Results:
- Inconsistent terminology for IBSA complicates comparisons.
- Young adults are most commonly witnesses, particularly when intimate images are shared nonconsensually.
- Intervention decreases when victims are female or perceived as sexually agentic.
- Barriers to intervention include fear of backlash and uncertainty; facilitators include empathy.
- Demographic data (gender, sexuality, Indigeneity, ethnicity, disability) were under-explored.
Conclusions:
- There is a need for initiatives addressing gendered social norms surrounding IBSA.
- Clear, practical guidance for bystanders is essential.
- Raising awareness of non-police support resources is crucial.
- Future research must address demographic diversity in IBSA bystander studies.
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