Related Experiment Video
Updated: Apr 11, 2026
Immunophenotyping of Orthotopic Homograft Syngeneic of Murine Primary KPC Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma by Flow Cytometry
Published on: October 9, 2018
Single-cell transcriptomic landscape indicates the potential role of immunotherapy in metastatic pancreatic
Yizhen Yang1, Luohai Chen1, Man Liu1
1Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
Background:
Pancreatic angiosarcoma is a rare and highly aggressive tumor originating from lymphatic or vascular endothelial cells, with poor prognosis and few effective treatments. In this study, we aimed to characterize the tumor ecosystem of metastatic pancreatic angiosarcoma, along with its potential treatment strategies.
Methods:
Single-cell RNA-sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were performed on samples obtained from one patient, including at total of 16,841 cells from pancreatic angiosarcoma liver metastasis and adjacent normal liver tissue.
Results:
Pancreatic angiosarcoma cells exhibited marked upregulation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), and myelocytomatosis oncogene (MYC) proto-oncogene signaling pathways, while presenting limited upregulation of actionable therapeutic targets except for cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and epidermal growth factor receptor. Several immune checkpoint genes, including cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4), lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3), programmed cell death protein 1 (PDCD1), and cluster of differentiation 86 (CD86), were upregulated in tumor-infiltrating T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and myeloid cells. Furthermore, intercellular interaction profiling demonstrated enhanced activity of the programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and CD86 signaling pathways within the tumor microenvironment. The gene-set scores of T/NK-cell exhaustion, regulatory T cell, and macrophage angiogenesis were significantly higher in tumor tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues. However, the phagocytosis scores of macrophages within the tumor-infiltrating region were significantly lower than those in the adjacent normal tissues.
Conclusions:
Our findings outlined an immunosuppressive and angiogenic tumor ecosystem in pancreatic angiosarcoma liver metastasis, suggesting that pancreatic angiosarcoma may be insensitive to most targeted therapies. Conversely, immunotherapies targeting LAG3, PD-L1, and CD86 (e.g. isatuximab, Opdualag, and abatacept) and anti-angiogenic agents may be therapeutically effective and worthy of subsequent exploration.
