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Related Concept Videos

Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

108
Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
108
Translation01:31

Translation

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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
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Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Longitudinal Research02:20

Longitudinal Research

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Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
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Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

3.6K
Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique...
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Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

11.9K
Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Updated: Sep 17, 2025

Working with Human Tissues for Translational Cancer Research
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The Translational Research Program in Cancer Differences across Populations.

Jane C Figueiredo1, Diana Redwood2, Li Li3

  • 1Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology
|June 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Translational Research Program in Cancer Differences across Populations (TRPCDP) created a biorepository of colorectal cancer tumors from diverse US populations. This resource supports molecular epidemiology studies to understand cancer disparities.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Epidemiology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Cancer incidence and mortality rates exhibit significant population-level variations.
  • The Translational Research Program in Cancer Differences across Populations (TRPCDP) was established in 2020 to investigate these disparities.
  • Colorectal cancer is a key focus for understanding cancer differences across populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a centralized, well-annotated biorepository of colorectal cancer tumors.
  • To facilitate molecular epidemiology studies investigating cancer disparities.
  • To collect comprehensive data including demographics, clinical information, and multiomic profiles.

Main Methods:

  • Centralized data acquisition and harmonization across three US sites.
  • Case-control framework matching lethal colorectal cancer cases with nonlethal controls.
  • Collection and processing of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor and normal tissues for pathology review, DNA/RNA extraction, and tissue microarray construction.
  • Multiomic and spatial profiling, including transcriptomic, proteomic, and microbiome analyses.
  • Geospatial linkage for additional health-related factors.

Main Results:

  • A virtual biorepository of 7,181 patients from diverse populations (African American, Alaska Native, Hispanic, non-Hispanic White).
  • Tissue blocks from 938 patients processed for DNA/RNA extraction and tissue microarray construction.
  • Availability of transcriptomic, spatial tumor profiling, and microbiome data for selected samples.

Conclusions:

  • Development of a clinically annotated biorepository to support future molecular epidemiology studies.
  • The TRPCDP fosters collaborative research, community engagement, and scientific training.