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Related Concept Videos

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder01:28

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

216
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental health condition characterized by recurrent obsessions, compulsions, or both, which consume significant time and interfere with daily functioning. Obsessions involve persistent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts, images, or urges that evoke anxiety. Common examples include irrational fears of contamination or harm. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce the anxiety caused by obsessions. For instance, individuals...
216
Personality Disorders: Dependent and Obsessive-Compulsive01:24

Personality Disorders: Dependent and Obsessive-Compulsive

142
Dependent personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder are two separate psychological conditions that influence behavior, relationships, and overall life functioning. Though both involve maladaptive behaviors, their core characteristics and motivations differ significantly.
 Dependent Personality Disorder
Dependent personality disorder is characterized by an excessive reliance on others to manage various aspects of life. Individuals with this disorder often struggle...
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)01:27

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

162
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) serves as the primary classification system for mental health disorders, providing standardized diagnostic criteria for clinicians and researchers. First published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in 1952, the DSM has undergone several revisions to reflect evolving psychiatric understanding. The fifth edition, DSM-5, released in 2013, introduced key updates that expanded diagnostic categories and modified diagnostic...
162
Anxiety: Overview01:18

Anxiety: Overview

374
Anxiety is a common mental disorder featuring excessive worry, fear, and apprehension, significantly affecting daily life. People with anxiety disorders experience persistent and intense anxiety, interrupting their everyday functioning.
Individuals with anxiety often experience a range of physical and emotional symptoms, including sweating, trembling, tachycardia, and disturbances in sleep patterns. These symptoms vary in intensity and frequency but are generally disruptive and distressing.
374
Oppositional Defiant Disorder01:30

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

159
A persistent pattern of angry or irritable mood, defiant behavior, or vindictiveness characterizes Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Symptoms must occur over at least six months, involve interactions with individuals beyond siblings, and meet specific diagnostic criteria to be clinically significant. The disorder affects emotional regulation, social interactions, and behavior, often manifesting early in life and influencing long-term development and functioning.
Diagnostic Criteria and...
159
Operant Conditioning Intervention01:24

Operant Conditioning Intervention

123
Operant conditioning serves as a foundational principle in therapeutic interventions aimed at modifying maladaptive behaviors. Central to this approach is the notion that behaviors, both adaptive and maladaptive, are learned through reinforcement. By analyzing the environmental factors that reinforce problematic behaviors, clinicians can design interventions to weaken these reinforcements and replace maladaptive behaviors with healthier alternatives.
In operant conditioning, behaviors that are...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 17, 2025

Signal Attenuation as a Rat Model of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
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[Update on obsessive-compulsive and related disorders].

Dominique Endres1, Juan C Baldermann2, Miriam A Schiele2

  • 1Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Medizinische Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hauptstraße 5, 79104, Freiburg, Deutschland. dominique.endres@uniklinik-freiburg.de.

Der Nervenarzt
|June 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) updates include new ICD-11 criteria emphasizing symptom duration and a distinct category for related disorders. Promising treatments aim to reduce high treatment resistance rates in adults.

Keywords:
Brain stimulation proceduresClassificationExposureGuidelinesSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry and Neurology
  • Clinical Psychology

Context:

  • Obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD) are prevalent and often treatment-resistant.
  • Adult OCD requires updated understanding of its etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation, and classification.

Purpose:

  • To provide a comprehensive update on adult obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD).
  • To summarize recent findings on OCD etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic criteria.
  • To review current and emerging treatment strategies for reducing treatment resistance.

Summary:

  • ICD-11 criteria for OCD now include insight specifiers and emphasize symptom time-consumption (>1 hour/day), removing previous subtype classifications.
  • A separate category for obsessive-compulsive and related disorders has been introduced, alongside a summary of frequent comorbidities (70-90%) and diagnostic considerations.
  • Effective treatments include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) with exposure and response prevention (ERP), pharmacotherapy with SSRIs or clomipramine, and augmentation with atypical antipsychotics.
  • Novel interventions like concentrated short-term or internet-based formats, and brain stimulation techniques (TMS, DBS) for treatment-resistant cases are discussed.
  • Emerging treatments such as glutamate modulators are under investigation, offering hope for improved outcomes.

Impact:

  • Enhances clinical understanding and diagnostic accuracy for adult OCD.
  • Provides clinicians with evidence-based treatment options, including novel approaches for treatment-resistant cases.
  • Aims to improve patient outcomes by addressing high treatment resistance rates in OCD.