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Updated: May 8, 2026

Printing Thermoresponsive Reverse Molds for the Creation of Patterned Two-component Hydrogels for 3D Cell Culture
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Temperature-Responsive Rheology Modifiers from Cellulose to Enable Acoustic Additive Manufacturing of Hydrogels.

Lillian E Mortensen1, Fernando Enriquez Barrero2, Talaial B Alina1

  • 1Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States.

ACS Macro Letters
|June 27, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Temperature-responsive rheology modifiers enhance ultrasound additive manufacturing by controlling heat and acoustic streaming. This enables faster, more precise 3D printing, even through opaque materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Additive Manufacturing

Background:

  • Photopolymerization in additive manufacturing is limited by light attenuation, causing anisotropic parts and slow speeds.
  • Ultrasound overcomes depth limitations but faces challenges with acoustic streaming and heat localization.
  • Developing new materials is crucial to overcome current limitations in ultrasound-based 3D printing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the use of temperature-responsive rheology modifiers in ultrasound-based additive manufacturing.
  • To enhance printing speed, precision, and depth capabilities.
  • To explore applications in areas like in vivo 3D printing and volumetric fabrication.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of cellulose derivatives with lower critical solution temperatures (LCST) into a single-phase system.
  • Utilizing hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and methylcellulose (MC) as rheology modifiers.
  • Characterization of printing speed, resolution, and material behavior under ultrasound.

Main Results:

  • LCST rheology modifiers effectively localized heat and restricted acoustic streaming.
  • HPC-based sono-inks achieved printing speeds up to 60 mm/min with sub-5 mm resolution.
  • HPC inks enabled printing at a distance and through optically opaque tissues, while MC improved resolution but reduced speed.

Conclusions:

  • Temperature-responsive rheology modifiers significantly improve ultrasound-based additive manufacturing.
  • HPC-based sono-inks offer a promising solution for rapid, precise 3D printing with enhanced capabilities.
  • The developed sono-ink technology has potential for advanced applications including in vivo printing and composite synthesis.