The role of epigenetics and non-genetic inheritance in plant-pollinator interactions: A perspective

Plant-pollinator interactions have persisted and evolved over millions of years. These interactions are shaped by environmental factors. However, global environmental changes are disturbing these interactions in the Anthropocene. One way both plants and pollinators can respond (and potentially adapt) to these changing environments is through phenotypic plasticity mediated by epigenetic modifications and non-genetic inheritance. Yet, research on how, and to what extent, epigenetic modifications and non-genetic inheritance shape plant-pollinator dynamics is rare. In this forward-looking perspective, we discuss different ways in which the environment mediates epigenetic marks and non-genetic inheritance into the subsequent generation. By taking a broader perspective, we discuss four mechanisms of epigenetic modification and non-genetic inheritance in both plants and pollinator systems: epigenetic modifications, inter-generational non-genetic inheritance, transgenerational non-genetic inheritance, and cultural transmission. We discuss the roles of various epigenetic marks and the transfer of molecules that cause epigenetic changes and non-genetic inheritance in plants and pollinators, which either directly or indirectly affect the outcome of plant-pollinator interactions. We provide a framework for the ecological and evolutionary implications for inheritance of acquired traits driving plant-pollinator interactions and discuss its importance in a rapidly changing environment. Lastly, we suggest ways to experimentally test the role of epigenetic marks and non-genetic inheritance, and how to integrate such mechanisms into long-term studies on plant-pollinator interactions during the Anthropocene.