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Nuclear relaxation restores the equilibrium population imbalance and can occur via spin–lattice or spin–spin mechanisms, which are first-order exponential decay processes.
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Nonlinear Calcium King Plot Constrains New Bosons and Nuclear Properties.

Alexander Wilzewski1, Lukas J Spieß1, Malte Wehrheim1

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King plots reveal nonlinearities in calcium isotope shifts, potentially indicating beyond-standard-model physics. These nonlinearities, however, are largely explained by nuclear polarization within the standard model, not new physics.

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Area of Science:

  • Atomic Physics
  • Nuclear Physics
  • Beyond Standard Model Physics

Background:

  • King plots of isotope shifts can probe beyond-standard-model (BSM) interactions.
  • Distinguishing BSM effects from higher-order standard model (SM) contributions is essential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To precisely measure isotope shifts and nuclear mass ratios in calcium isotopes.
  • To investigate nonlinearities in King plots and their implications for BSM physics.

Main Methods:

  • High-precision measurements of isotope shifts for Ca^{14+} and Ca^{+} transitions.
  • Accurate determination of nuclear mass ratios for stable even calcium isotopes.
  • Theoretical calculations to analyze standard model contributions to King plot nonlinearities.

Main Results:

  • A highly significant (∼10^{3}σ) nonlinearity was observed in the calcium King plot.
  • The observed nonlinearity cannot be fully explained by the second-order mass shift within the SM.
  • Nuclear polarization is identified as a potential SM explanation for the nonlinearity.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides stringent constraints on hypothetical Yukawa interactions.
  • Precise atomic measurements are crucial for testing fundamental physics beyond the Standard Model.
  • Nuclear polarization effects warrant further investigation in atomic precision measurements.