Recent advancements in feature extraction and classification based bone cancer detection - a systematic review

Cancer is a deadly disease that occurs due to the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells. Bone cancer is the third most occurring disease; approximately 10,000 patients suffer from bone cancer in India annually. It can lead to death if not diagnosed in the earlier stage. Bone cancer occurs in four stages as follows: in stage 1 cancer does not spread to other bone parts, in stage 2 cancer looks similar to stage 1 but becomes dangerous, in stage 3 cancer spreads to one or two bone parts and in stage 4 cancer spreads to other body parts. Timely diagnosis of bone cancer is challenging due to the unspecific indications that are similar to common musculoskeletal injuries, late visits of patients to the hospital and low intuition by the physician. The texture of diseased bone differs from that of healthy bone. Mostly in the dataset, the healthy and cancerous bone images have similar characteristics. Therefore, the development of automated systems is necessary to classify normal and abnormal scan images. The objective of this paper is to identify the studies on classification techniques in detecting bone cancer with five criteria: feature extraction methods, machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques, advantages, disadvantages and classifier accuracy. The current study performed the systematic literature review of 129 studies selected based on the use of different feature extractions to extract the textural characteristics of the images that are fed into the ML and DL algorithms to classify the normal and subtypes of bone cancer images for better analysis. The review concludes that convolutional neural network classifier along with different textural feature extraction techniques like gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) and local binary pattern (LBP) detected the bone cancer with high accuracy compared to DL classification without feature extraction techniques in diagnosing the bone cancer. In this respect, this paper proposes a systematic review of types of bone cancer and recent advancements in feature extraction methods and classification involving deep learning and machine learning models to detect bone cancer with a higher accuracy rate.