Recent progress and function of nanocellulose in enhancing semiconductor-based photocatalytic wastewater treatment

Industrialization and globalization have intensified wastewater challenges, prompting the need for advanced treatment technologies. Photocatalysis offers a promising solution, but conventional photocatalysts face limitations such as poor stability and low pollutant interaction. Nanocellulose materials (CNC, BNC, and CNF) have gained attention for their high surface area, tunable chemistry, and ability to enhance photocatalytic performance when integrated with semiconductors. This review outlines recent progress in the synthesis and modification of nanocellulose-based semiconductor systems for wastewater treatment. The review also covers various synthesis techniques, including green and efficient methods that contribute to improving the properties and performance of the resulting nanocellulose-based materials. Modification strategies such as surface functionalization and hybridization with semiconductors are explored for their impact on photocatalytic performance, stability, and light absorption efficiency. Furthermore, the review discusses diverse applications, including organic pollutant degradation. The limitations in scalability, reusability, and long-term efficiency are critically examined, with suggestions for overcoming these challenges through advanced composite structures and novel hybrid systems. Future prospects for these nanomaterials in industrial and environmental settings are also discussed, offering new perspectives for sustainable wastewater management.