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Sutures of the Skull

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Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
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Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
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Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

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As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
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Developmental and Functional Interactions Structure Patterns of Variational Modularity in the Lunar Wrasse Skull.

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Trait modularity in fish jaws is driven by development, not just function. This study reveals distinct modules in oral and pharyngeal jaws, impacting evolutionary patterns.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Comparative anatomy

Background:

  • Trait modularity is crucial for biological complexity, but its drivers across organizational scales are unclear.
  • Developmental and functional interactions shape trait covariation, yet their influence on macroevolutionary patterns is not fully understood.
  • Pharyngognathy in fishes involves robust pharyngeal jaws for prey processing, with evidence of evolutionary integration between oral and pharyngeal jaw systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate variational modularity between oral and pharyngeal jaws in Lunar wrasse.
  • To test the hypothesis that pharyngeal jaws constrain oral jaw evolution.
  • To compare morphological disparity between oral and pharyngeal jaw modules.

Main Methods:

  • Three-dimensional geometric morphometrics applied to Lunar wrasse ( *Thalassoma lunare* ) from Kagoshima, Japan.
  • Analysis of variational modularity at the population level.
  • Quantification of morphological disparity within jaw modules.

Main Results:

  • Strong support for a developmental hypothesis, indicating distinct modularity between oral and pharyngeal jaw systems.
  • Mixed support for the pharyngeal jaw constraint hypothesis: some pharyngeal elements showed less disparity, others more, compared to oral jaws.
  • Evidence of disconnect between variational modularity (population level) and evolutionary modularity (species level).

Conclusions:

  • Developmental interactions create distinct jaw modules, influencing covariation patterns at the population level.
  • Pharyngeal jaw evolution shows complex patterns of disparity, with partial support for constraint on oral jaws.
  • Variational modularity may not directly translate to macroevolutionary patterns, highlighting the complexity of trait evolution.