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Related Concept Videos

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing01:28

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

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The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...
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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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Homologous Recombination02:31

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The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
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Overview
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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 17, 2025

Enhanced Genome Editing with Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein in Diverse Cells and Organisms
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Enhanced Genome Editing with Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein in Diverse Cells and Organisms

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How and when organisms edit their own genomes.

Vincent C T Hanlon1, Alex Cagan2, Sebastian Eves-van den Akker3

  • 1Crop Science Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. vcth2@cam.ac.uk.

Nature Genetics
|June 27, 2025
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Summary

Organisms can programmatically edit their own DNA for adaptive purposes, such as immune responses. Despite diverse functions, these genome editing systems share common genetic mechanisms, suggesting more await discovery in host-pathogen interactions.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Mutations are typically viewed as random, but some organisms perform programmed, targeted DNA rearrangements.
  • Examples include immunoglobulin gene diversification in vertebrates and CRISPR systems in bacteria, crucial for host defense.
  • These adaptive genome editing systems are vital for biological functions, especially in host-pathogen conflicts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the diverse mechanisms of programmed genome editing across different organisms.
  • To identify common genetic principles underlying superficially dissimilar DNA editing systems.
  • To explore the evolutionary context and potential for discovering new editing systems.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of known programmed genome editing systems.
  • Review of genetic mechanisms involved in DNA sequence rearrangement.
  • Examination of the role of genome editing in host-pathogen interactions.

Main Results:

  • Superficially different genome editing systems frequently utilize surprisingly similar genetic mechanisms.
  • These similarities persist across various functions and taxonomic groups.
  • Genome editing is recurrently observed in host-pathogen conflicts.

Conclusions:

  • Programmed genome editing, though rare, is a conserved biological strategy.
  • Underlying genetic mechanisms show convergence across diverse systems.
  • Further exploration in understudied pathogens and hosts is likely to reveal novel genome editing systems.