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Longitudinal Research

Longitudinal Research

Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...

Social Proof

Social proof is a form of persuasion based on comparison and conformity. People compare their behavior and actions to what others are doing and will change to conform to do what their peers do.

Cross-Sectional Research

Cross-Sectional Research

In cross-sectional research, a researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time. If they were interested in people's dietary habits, the researcher might directly compare different groups of people by age. Instead of following a group of people for 20 years to see how their dietary habits changed from decade to decade, the researcher would study a group of 20-year-old individuals and compare them to a group of 30-year-old individuals and a group of 40-year-old...

Longitudinal Studies

Longitudinal Studies

Longitudinal studies are also widely used in other medical and social science fields. For instance, in cardiovascular research, they can monitor patients' health over decades to identify risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol or smoking, and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of preventive measures. Similarly, in mental health studies, researchers might follow individuals from adolescence into adulthood to understand the development and progression of conditions like...

Factors Affecting Illness

Factors Affecting Illness

When a person's physical, emotional, intellectual, social development or spiritual functioning is compromised, this deviation from a healthy normal state is called illness. Illness creates stress that in turn harms individuals. Irritation, anger, denial, hopelessness, and fear are behavioral and emotional changes an individual experiences in the phases of illness. A variety of factors influence a person's health and well-being.
For instance, risk factors are connected to illness,...

Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification

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Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 17, 2025

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

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Humility Throughout the Lifespan and a Global Pandemic: Evidence From a Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study.

Wendy W L Cheung¹, Sakshi S Sahakari¹, Friedrich M Götz¹

¹Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

Journal of Personality

|June 28, 2025

Summary

Humility scores increase from childhood to late adulthood, with notable shifts during early to middle adulthood. The COVID pandemic influenced these developmental trends, particularly in adolescents.

Keywords:

COVID‐19 age‐graded trends humility lifespan personality development mean‐score differences

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Published on: July 10, 2017

Area of Science:

Psychology
Developmental Psychology
Personality Science

Background:

Humility is a key personality trait influencing social and emotional functioning.
Understanding age-graded differences in humility is crucial for developmental psychology.
The COVID-19 pandemic's impact on personality development remains an area of active research.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a detailed analysis of age-graded differences in humility across the lifespan.
To examine year-by-year variations in humility from age 10 to 70.
To investigate the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on humility trajectories.

Main Methods:

Utilized large-scale cross-sectional data (N = 2,025,004).
Employed multigroup confirmatory factor analysis, ANOVAs, and multilevel modeling.
Analyzed data across diverse temporal (pre-COVID, COVID) and geographical (9 countries, 6 US states) subsamples.

Main Results:

Humility scores were lowest in late childhood, steadily increasing to peak in late adulthood, with fluctuations around retirement age.
Pre-COVID and overall samples showed significant humility differences during the early to middle adulthood transition.
The COVID sample exhibited generally higher humility, pronounced adolescent disruption, and amplified early-to-middle adulthood differences.

Conclusions:

Age-graded humility trends align with psychological maturation and maturation reversal theories.
Findings partially support the disruption hypothesis of personality development.
COVID-19 analyses offer initial insights into pandemic effects on personality development.