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Adaptability of Cytoskeletal Filaments01:12

Adaptability of Cytoskeletal Filaments

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The cytoskeleton is a complex dynamic structure performing varied functions based on cellular requirements. The adaptability of the individual filaments in the cytoskeleton determines their ability to perform various functions within the cell. It can undergo rapid reorganization during processes like cell division or remain stable for several hours as in the interphase. The adaptability of these filaments depends on stringent regulatory mechanisms. The microfilament and microtubules of the...
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Formation of Intermediate Filaments00:57

Formation of Intermediate Filaments

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Intermediate filaments are cytoskeletal proteins with higher tensile strength and flexibility than microfilaments and microtubules. Unlike the other two cytoskeletal proteins, intermediate filament formation lacks the enzymatic activity to hydrolyze nucleotides like ATP and GTP to generate energy for polymerization. Therefore, the formation of intermediate filaments is multistep self-assembly. The involvement of any accessory proteins in intermediate filament formation has not yet been...
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Generation of Straight or Branched Actin Filaments01:14

Generation of Straight or Branched Actin Filaments

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The straight or branched structure formation of actin filaments is controlled by nucleating proteins such as the formins and Arp2/3 complex. Formin-mediated assembly results in straight filaments, whereas Arp2/3 protein complex-mediated assembly results in branched actin filaments.
Arp2/3 Complex
Arp2/3 complex is a seven-subunit complex consisting of two proteins similar to actin- Arp2 and Arp3, and five other subunits that help keep Arp2 and Arp3 inactive. When required, the complex is...
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Cellulose and Pectic Polysaccharides01:15

Cellulose and Pectic Polysaccharides

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 Every plant cell has a cell wall that protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives the cell shape. Cellulose, the main structural component of the plant cell wall, makes up over 30% of plant matter. It is the most abundant organic compound on earth.  Cellulose is an unbranched polysaccharide composed of linear chains of glucose molecules linked by β (1→4) glycosidic bonds.
As a cell matures, its cell wall specializes according to its type. For example, the...
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Role of Microtubules in Cell Wall Deposition01:02

Role of Microtubules in Cell Wall Deposition

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Microtubules are small hollow tubes in eukaryotic cells. The cell wall microtubules are polymerized dimers of two globular proteins, α-tubulin and β-tubulin, two globular proteins. With a diameter of about 25 nm, microtubules are the widest components of the cytoskeleton. They help the cell resist compression and provide a track along which vesicles move through the cell or pull replicated chromosomes to opposite ends of a dividing cell. Microtubules go through quick cycles of...
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Disassembly of Intermediate Filaments01:35

Disassembly of Intermediate Filaments

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Intermediate filaments (IFs) do not undergo spontaneous disassembly. Enzymes, kinases, and phosphatases add and remove phosphates from specific sites to regulate their disassembly. The IF concentration in the cytoplasm also regulates the disassembly. If the concentration crosses a threshold, it activates the protein kinases in the vicinity, allowing the phosphorylation of IFs.
Keratin proteins, found at the cell periphery near cell junctions, undergo a cycle of assembly and disassembly. In Type...
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Updated: Sep 17, 2025

Towards Biomimicking Wood: Fabricated Free-standing Films of Nanocellulose, Lignin, and a Synthetic Polycation
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Towards Biomimicking Wood: Fabricated Free-standing Films of Nanocellulose, Lignin, and a Synthetic Polycation

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Tuning Alignment, Strength, and Toughness in Functional Cellulose:Helux Filaments: A Molecular Trade-Off.

Saeed Davoodi1,2, Faridah Namata2,3, Tomas Rosén2,3

  • 1Department of Engineering Mechanics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden.

Biomacromolecules
|June 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed bioinspired composite filaments from cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and Helux, enhancing strength and toughness. However, Helux reduced nanofiber alignment, impacting stiffness, mimicking wood

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Polymer Science

Background:

  • Wood's complex structure inspires the development of advanced bioinspired materials.
  • Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) are key components for creating strong and tough materials.
  • Understanding molecular interactions is crucial for optimizing composite material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between nanofiber alignment and molecular interactions in CNF-Helux composite filaments.
  • To quantify the effects of Helux on the mechanical properties (strength, toughness, stiffness) of CNF-based materials.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms behind changes in nanofiber alignment induced by Helux.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of composite filaments using cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and a dendritic polyampholyte (Helux).
  • Mechanical testing to evaluate strength, toughness, and stiffness.
  • Wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) to assess nanofiber alignment.
  • Polarized optical microscopy (POM) and in situ small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to study molecular dynamics and network structure.

Main Results:

  • Helux addition increased material strength by 60% and toughness 5-fold via ionic bonding and cross-linking.
  • A trade-off was observed: Helux decreased stiffness by 25% due to reduced CNF alignment.
  • Enhanced rotary diffusion of CNFs, driven by Helux's carboxylate groups, was identified as the cause for reduced alignment.
  • Helux formed denser, tougher networks with fewer voids, similar to wood's matrix components.

Conclusions:

  • Helux significantly enhances the strength and toughness of CNF composites by promoting cohesive interactions.
  • Reduced nanofiber alignment in Helux-containing composites presents a trade-off, decreasing stiffness but increasing overall material integrity.
  • The observed behavior provides insights into wood's mechanical performance, highlighting the role of matrix interactions in governing flexibility and cohesion.