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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Cancer Therapies02:49

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
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Metastasis02:30

Metastasis

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Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the original site to distant locations in the body. Cancer cells can spread via blood vessels (hematogenous) as well as lymph vessels in the body.
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or EMT is a developmental process commonly observed in wound healing, embryogenesis, and cancer metastasis. EMT is induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) or receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) ligands, which further...
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Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
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The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 17, 2025

A 3D Organotypic Melanoma Spheroid Skin Model
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Systemic Therapies for Metastatic Melanoma.

David I Latoni1, Soo Hyun Kim2, Hensin Tsao2

  • 1Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico.

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Systemic treatments for advanced melanoma include immunotherapies and targeted therapies. These treatments, while effective, carry risks of adverse effects impacting skin, gut, and endocrine systems.

Keywords:
DabrafenibGuidelinesMelanomaNivolumabOncologyPembrolizumabTherapiesTreatments

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Dermatology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Advanced local and metastatic melanoma (Stage IIB+) requires systemic treatment.
  • Current systemic therapies are broadly categorized into immunotherapies and targeted therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the main categories of systemic therapies for advanced melanoma.
  • To describe the mechanisms of action for immunotherapies and targeted therapies.
  • To highlight the common adverse effects associated with these treatments.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of current knowledge on melanoma systemic therapies.
  • Classification of treatments based on mechanism of action and target.
  • Identification of common adverse events reported in clinical practice and studies.

Main Results:

  • Immunotherapies enhance T-cell anti-tumor activity by inhibiting immune checkpoints.
  • Targeted therapies, for BRAF V600-mutant melanoma, inhibit activated oncoproteins like BRAF and MEK.
  • Common adverse effects involve cutaneous, gastrointestinal, and endocrine systems.

Conclusions:

  • Systemic therapies offer crucial treatment options for advanced melanoma.
  • Understanding treatment mechanisms and potential adverse effects is vital for patient management.
  • Further research may focus on mitigating these adverse effects to improve patient outcomes.