Epigenetic regulators in cancer therapy and progression

Heritable gene activity variations that do not alter the underlying DNA sequence are known as epigenetic modifications. Mutations that disrupt genome structure and function are key drivers of oncogenesis. In addition to genetic mutations that cause direct disruptions in the DNA sequence, epigenetic changes can affect gene expression, which helps the development of cancerous traits. Changes in DNA methylation and histone mark patterns are the main drivers of these epigenetic modifications, as they encourage the growth and spread of tumors. In this review, we explore the substantial implications of epigenetic control on tumor genesis, metastatic behaviour, metabolic pathways, and the tumor microenvironment, delving into the intricacies of this intricate regulation. We pay special attention to the dysregulation at every stage of epigenetic modulation, which includes, but is not limited to, abnormalities in the enzymes that modify histones and methylate DNA, subunit loss or fusions in chromatin remodeling complexes, and disruptions in higher-order chromatin structure. We also highlight the development of inhibitors of medications targeted at epigenetic enzymes and summarize the abnormal roles of enzymes in DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and histone methylation during tumour progression.