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Cognitive interference elicits developmental sex differences in inhibitory control.

Jake J Son1, Abraham D Killanin1, Mikki Schantell1

  • 1Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA; College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Center for Pediatric Brain Health, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA.

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This study reveals how brain activity for interference control develops in children and adolescents. Findings show age-related changes in theta power and sex differences in cognitive control brain regions.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Inhibitory control is crucial for cognitive development in youth.
  • Stressors like puberty and trauma can impair inhibitory control, leading to lasting behavioral issues.
  • The developmental trajectory of neural oscillations supporting interference control and potential sex differences are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the developmental course of neural oscillatory activity during interference control in children and adolescents.
  • To identify potential sex differences in the neural mechanisms of interference control development.
  • To characterize the electrophysiological underpinnings of interference control refinement.

Main Methods:

  • Used high-density magnetoencephalography (MEG) in a large sample of children and adolescents (N=121).
  • Administered the Eriksen flanker task to assess interference control.
  • Analyzed time-frequency transformed MEG data using beamforming to image oscillatory responses.

Main Results:

  • Identified age-related decreases in theta power within the supplementary motor area and cerebellum during interference processing.
  • Observed age-by-sex interactive effects in prefrontal and parietal cortical regions critical for cognitive control.
  • Indicated sex-dependent modulation of interference control development.

Conclusions:

  • The study characterizes the developmental changes in neural oscillations related to interference control.
  • Findings highlight sex differences in the maturation of cognitive control networks.
  • Contributes to understanding the electrophysiological basis of developing inhibitory control in youth.