[Full Life Cycle Assessment and Scenario Simulation of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles]

To study the resource utilization and environmental impacts over the life cycle of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles （PHEV）， this study employs a life cycle assessment （LCA） approach. It focuses on the Toyota Levin PHEV for inventory analysis， assessing material and fossil fuel consumption and the overall environmental footprint. Additionally， the study compares these impacts with those of battery electric vehicles （BEV） and hybrid electric vehicles （HEV）， analyzing various factors such as operational conditions， battery wear， and mileage increments during usage. The research found that the extraction and utilization of metals like lithium and copper led to considerable consumption of material resources， with operational energy use being the major contributor to the vehicle's lifetime fossil fuel consumption. Scenarios of urban， highway， and aggressive driving suggest that BEVs maintain the lowest environmental and resource burden. The study further investigated the effect of battery capacity degradation to 90% and 85%， noting a heightened sensitivity in BEVs. Mileage increments of 10 000， 50 000， 100 000， and 150 000 km were analyzed under private and taxi usage scenarios， indicating a higher environmental and resource impact in BEVs and PHEVs under private usage when exceeding 50 000 km compared to that of HEVs and PHEVs used in taxis.