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Related Concept Videos

Menopause01:28

Menopause

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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

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The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
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The Menstrual Cycle01:19

The Menstrual Cycle

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The menstrual cycle is a recurrent sequence of changes in the uterine endometrium, specifically its functional layer, the stratum functionalis. This cycle prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy. This cycle typically spans 21–35 days, averaging 28 days, and aligns with the ovarian cycle, regulated by fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone.
The menstrual phase occurs from days 1 to 5 and involves the shedding of the stratum functionalis, as a...
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Menses Phase01:18

Menses Phase

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The uterine cycle begins with the menstrual phase, which is considered day one of the cycle and typically lasts about five days. This phase is characterized by the degeneration and shedding of the stratum functionalis, the functional layer of the endometrium.
When fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum deteriorates, causing a significant drop in the levels of estrogen and progesterone in the body. This hormonal decrease triggers the release of prostaglandins, which cause the uterine...
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Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

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The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
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Surface Membrane Barriers01:18

Surface Membrane Barriers

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The skin and mucous membranes serve as the primary line of defense against pathogens by providing both physical and chemical protection. These barriers are essential in preventing the entry and establishment of microbes, thereby maintaining the integrity of the host.
The outer layer of the skin, the epidermis, is a robust barrier comprising layers of closely packed keratinized cells. This dense arrangement prevents microbes from penetrating the body. The periodic shedding of epidermal cells...
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Menopause, Menstrual Cycle, and Skin Barrier Function.

Đurđa Cvjetković Nikoletić1, David Ivanov1, Olivera Levakov2,3

  • 1Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia.

Skin Research and Technology : Official Journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [And] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [And] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI)
|June 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Skin barrier function varies with the menstrual cycle, showing a more robust barrier during the ovulatory phase. Postmenopause does not significantly alter transepidermal water loss (TEWL) compared to reproductive-aged women.

Keywords:
menopausemenstrual cycleskin barrierskin hydrationtransepidermal water loss

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Gynecology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Limited research exists on menstrual cycle and postmenopause effects on skin barrier function.
  • Conflicting data necessitates further investigation into these physiological impacts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of the menstrual cycle and postmenopause on epidermal barrier function.
  • To analyze key biophysical parameters: transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin hydration (SH).

Main Methods:

  • 81 female participants (18-65 years) were studied: 36 reproductive, 45 postmenopausal.
  • TEWL and SH were measured during ovulatory and mid-luteal phases (reproductive group).
  • Measurements were taken twice, 7 days apart, for the postmenopausal group.

Main Results:

  • Significantly higher TEWL in the mid-luteal phase compared to the ovulatory phase.
  • Significantly higher skin hydration (SH) in the ovulatory phase versus the mid-luteal phase.
  • No significant difference in TEWL between reproductive and postmenopausal groups; higher SH in ovulatory phase compared to postmenopausal group.

Conclusions:

  • The epidermal barrier is more functional during the ovulatory phase, indicated by higher TEWL and lower SH.
  • Intriguing findings regarding TEWL and SH differences between reproductive and postmenopausal groups warrant further study.