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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

High-Resolution Endocardial and Epicardial Optical Mapping in a Sheep Model of Stretch-Induced Atrial Fibrillation

High-Resolution Endocardial and Epicardial Optical Mapping in a Sheep Model of Stretch-Induced Atrial Fibrillation

Published on: July 29, 2011

Rotating Frame Relaxation Time Mapping for the Visualization of the Sinoatrial Node Without Contrast Agent.

Yi Li¹, Victor Casula¹, Tarja Huhta²

¹Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.

NMR in Biomedicine

|June 30, 2025

Summary

This study introduces rotating frame relaxation (RAFF2 and T1ρ) MRI to visualize the sinoatrial node (SAN) in swine hearts without contrast agents. These methods offer a promising non-invasive alternative for SAN imaging and characterization.

Keywords:

cardiac conduction system fibrosis magnetization transfer myocardium rotating frame relaxation sinoatrial node

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High-resolution Optical Mapping of the Mouse Sino-atrial Node

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Last Updated: May 7, 2026

High-Resolution Endocardial and Epicardial Optical Mapping in a Sheep Model of Stretch-Induced Atrial Fibrillation

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Published on: July 29, 2011

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High-resolution Optical Mapping of the Mouse Sino-atrial Node

High-resolution Optical Mapping of the Mouse Sino-atrial Node

Published on: December 2, 2016

Area of Science:

Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Medical Imaging Physics
Cardiac Electrophysiology

Background:

Late gadolinium-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance (LGE-CMR) is used for sinoatrial node (SAN) visualization.
Contrast agents pose limitations for repeated or long-term imaging.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate rotating frame relaxation (RAFF2 and T1ρ) time mapping for characterizing swine heart SAN structure ex vivo.
To assess the feasibility of non-contrast MRI techniques for SAN imaging.

Main Methods:

Ex vivo swine hearts scanned using 7T and 3T MRI systems.
Comparison of T_RAFF2, T_1ρ, T₁, T₂ relaxation time mappings, and magnetization transfer (MT) imaging.
Histological validation using Masson's trichrome staining.

Main Results:

Significant differences in endogenous MRI contrasts observed between SAN and myocardium.
T_RAFF2 and T_1ρ demonstrated the highest contrast between SAN and myocardium.
SAN sizes from T_RAFF2 and T_1ρ maps correlated well with histological fibrous structures.

Conclusions:

T_RAFF2 and T_1ρ mapping show potential for non-contrast visualization of the SAN in swine hearts.
These techniques could provide a non-invasive alternative to LGE-CMR for SAN detection and characterization.