Comparison of Teat End Massage Characteristics Across Liner Types Using a Modeling Device

This study evaluated teat end massages (TEMs) associated with various liner shapes and provides foundational data for assessing the impact of liner design on teat ends. A silicon dropper, simulating a teat end, was attached to one end of a stainless tube, with a pressure sensor attached to the opposite end. Twelve liner types were tested under vacuum settings of 40 or 50 kPa, with liners positioned at depths of 7 and 10 cm from the liner mouthpiece. TEMs were recorded over 10-s periods at 0.1-s intervals. TEMs were also conducted after altering the pulsation ratio. TEMs were consistently higher at 50 kPa for all liners and increased at a depth of 10 cm compared with 7 cm. Significant differences (p < 0.01) in TEMs were observed across four categories of liner types, with non-round liners exhibiting higher TEMs. The D-phase duration was correlated with average TEMs, but not with maximum TEMs. Based on these findings, the study recommends using either a round liner with outer ribs or a round silicone liner with a pulsation ratio of 60:40 to promote teat end health.