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The fluid mosaic model was first proposed as a visual representation of research observations. The model comprises the composition and dynamics of membranes and serves as a foundation for future membrane-related studies. The model depicts the structure of the plasma membrane with a variety of components, which include phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. These integral molecules are loosely bound, defining the cell’s border and providing fluidity for optimal function.
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Membrane fluidity is explained by the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane, which describes the plasma membrane structure as a mosaic of components—including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates—that gives the membrane a fluid character.
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Protein-based double-network hydrogels mimicking oral mucosa.

Yu Zhang1,2, Liang Dong1, Keqing Wang3

  • 1Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.

Frontiers in Chemistry
|June 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed novel protein-based hydrogels to mimic oral mucosa tissues. These biomaterials offer a promising, ethical alternative for studying drug delivery and pathogen interactions.

Keywords:
biomimetic materialdouble-network hydrogelelastin-like polypeptideoral mucosaprotein hydrogel

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Oral Biology

Background:

  • The oral mucosa is crucial for bodily protection and drug absorption.
  • Ethical and cost issues with animal models necessitate alternative research methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop protein-based double-network hydrogels that accurately replicate the mechanical and structural properties of the buccal mucosa and hard palate.
  • To create a viable in vitro model for oral mucosa research.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of two types of protein-based double-network hydrogels using polyprotein and elastin-like peptides.
  • Characterization of hydrogel microporous structure, surface properties, mechanical properties, and particle permeability.
  • Assessment of hydrogel biocompatibility.

Main Results:

  • The developed hydrogels closely mimic the physical properties of natural oral mucosa.
  • Hydrogels demonstrated comparable microporous structure, surface and mechanical properties, and particle permeability to native tissue.
  • Excellent biocompatibility was maintained.

Conclusions:

  • Protein-based double-network hydrogels serve as effective biomimetic models for oral mucosa.
  • These hydrogels are suitable for studying drug delivery, pathogen interactions, and aerosol particle adsorption.
  • The fabrication principles can be extended to create biomimetic materials for other mucosal tissues.