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Related Concept Videos

Inducible Operons: lac Operon01:25

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The lac operon in Escherichia coli is a model for understanding inducible gene regulation and metabolic flexibility. It integrates local control by lactose and global regulation through catabolite repression, enabling E. coli to preferentially metabolize glucose when available and switch to lactose utilization when glucose is scarce.Structure and Function of the lac OperonThe lac operon contains three structural genes: lacZ (β-galactosidase), lacY (lactose permease), and lacA...
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Lysosomes are the site for the degradation of macromolecules and biological polymers released during membrane trafficking events such as secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The membrane-enclosed area of the lysosome, called the lumen, contains hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment. These acid hydrolases are functional at a pH between 4.5 and 5 and are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling, energy metabolism, restoration of the plasma membrane,...
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Proteins are dynamic macromolecules that carry out a wide variety of essential processes; however, the activities of most proteins depend on their interactions with other molecules or ions, known as ligands.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 17, 2025

Measuring Lactase Enzymatic Activity in the Teaching Lab
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Lactate-induced lactylation: from basic research to clinical perspectives.

Henghe Shi1, Yifei Zou1, Sijie Jin1

  • 1Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.

Frontiers in Pharmacology
|June 30, 2025
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Summary

Lactate, once a waste product, is now understood via the lactate shuttle hypothesis to be vital for cell energy and signaling. Lactate-induced lactylation is a key modification involved in numerous diseases, offering new therapeutic targets.

Keywords:
complex diseaseslactatelactylationmetabolic processespathophysiological processes

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Last Updated: Sep 17, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Lactate was historically viewed as a metabolic byproduct of anaerobic glycolysis.
  • The lactate shuttle hypothesis redefined lactate's role, highlighting its function in substrate delivery and cell signaling.
  • Lactate links cellular metabolism to the regulation of cellular activities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review and organize existing literature on lactate and lactylation.
  • To detail the metabolic processes of lactate and lactylation.
  • To summarize research methods and the role of lactylation in pathophysiological processes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis.
  • Detailed analysis of metabolic pathways.
  • Summarization of existing research methodologies for lactylation.

Main Results:

  • Lactate plays a crucial role beyond glycolysis, acting as a substrate and signaling molecule.
  • Lactate-induced lactylation, identified in 2019, is widespread and implicated in numerous diseases.
  • Lactylation is involved in diverse pathological processes, influencing disease development and progression.

Conclusions:

  • Lactylation presents significant potential for future disease diagnostics and therapeutics.
  • Understanding lactate modification and its targets is key for clinical interventions.
  • This review provides direction for future research in the field of lactylation and disease.