Understanding the Engineering Tactics to Achieve the Stabilized Anode in Next-Generation Zn-Air Batteries

The modern technical era demands sustainable and green energy production and storage methods that overcome the limitations of conventional fuel resources. Electrochemical energy storage (ECS) technologies are widely anticipated to store and release energy on repeated cycles for domestic and commercial utilization. Several ECS devices were developed over the years to achieve higher energy density and energy sustainability. Zn-air batteries are developed to deliver higher energy density and their lower maintenance, flexibility, and rechargeability made them the significant sustainable energy device. However, the Zn anodes face several issues due to dendrite formation during several discharge cycles, HER at higher negative potentials, and corrosion behavior. Therefore, Zn-anode design strategies and significant electrolyte modifications were adopted to limit the critical issues. The review promptly exhibits the significance of Zn-air battery and their construction strategies. The present review highlights the rational design strategies for the stabilization of the Zn anode, such as coating with a passive layer, heterostructure and alloy-composite formation, and the major electrolyte modifications, such as using organic electrolytes, additives in aqueous electrolytes, and solid-state polymer gel electrolytes. The review is expected to attract a wide range of readers, from beginners to industrialists, which serve as a guide for developing Zn-air batteries.