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CENP-A and centromere evolution in equids.

Eleonora Cappelletti1, Francesca M Piras2, Marialaura Biundo3

  • 1Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. eleonora.cappelletti@unipv.it.

Chromosome Research : an International Journal on the Molecular, Supramolecular and Evolutionary Aspects of Chromosome Biology
|June 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Centromere DNA evolves rapidly, but in equids, unique satellite-repeat-free centromeres reveal CENP-A epialleles and novel neocentromere formation. This provides insights into mammalian centromere biology and speciation.

Keywords:
CENP-ACENP-BCentromereGenus EquusKaryotype evolutionSatellite DNA

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Centromeric DNA, typically satellite repeats, evolves rapidly and varies between species.
  • The centromeric histone variant CENP-A is crucial for centromere function across mammals.
  • Equids (horses, asses, zebras) possess unique centromeres lacking satellite repeats, offering a model for centromere biology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular organization of centromeres in equids, focusing on CENP-A binding and evolution.
  • To understand the mechanisms of neocentromere formation and their role in equid karyotype evolution and speciation.
  • To explore the divergence of centromeric DNA and its implications for mammalian centromere diversity.

Main Methods:

  • Molecular analysis of centromeric chromatin in equids.
  • Comparative molecular and cytogenetic analyses of centromeres.
  • Review of equid evolution and recent human telomere-to-telomere genome assemblies.

Main Results:

  • CENP-A binding domains are variable among equid individuals, forming inherited epialleles.
  • CENP-B is uncoupled from the centromeric core in equids, binding satellite DNA elsewhere.
  • Neocentromeres arise via centromere repositioning and Robertsonian fusion, driving equid karyotype evolution.

Conclusions:

  • Equid centromeres provide a unique model for studying mammalian centromere organization and evolution.
  • Epialleles of CENP-A binding sites and novel neocentromere formation mechanisms offer insights into genetic and karyotypic diversity.
  • Understanding equid centromeres enhances our knowledge of the vast, understudied diversity of mammalian centromere biology.