Colloidal perovskite nanomaterials: New insights on synthetic routes, properties and sensing applications

Recently, perovskites have drawn attention as appealing materials for a range of technological applications, including sensing, because of their unique optoelectronic properties. This review comprehensively discusses the synthetic methods for perovskites, covering hot-injection, ligand-assisted reprecipitation, chemical vapor deposition, ultrasonication, microwave assisted, sol-gel Pechini, solvothermal/hydrothermal, and co-precipitation method. Lead halide perovskites, while popular for their high-performance optoelectronics, face environmental concerns, prompting the development of lead-free alternatives and oxide-based perovskites. We explore the properties of these materials, including absorption and photoluminescence, magnetic properties, charge carrier dynamics, and catalytic activity. Furthermore, we focus on the recent breakthroughs in employing perovskites for sensor-based applications, such as gas, humidity, temperature, pesticide, drugs, ions and biosensors. This review also summarizes the applications of colloids perovskites in the development of high-resolution imaging sensors, X-ray and photo detectors. This review seeks to offer a holistic overview of perovskites synthesis, properties, and sensing capabilities, offering insights into future research directions and commercial applications.