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Self-Growing Scaffold for Spatial and Border Expansive Regeneration.

Liheng Gao1,2,3,4,5,6, Xinyu Song1,2,3,4,5,6, Lingxi Meng1,2,3,4,5,6

  • 1Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|July 1, 2025
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This study introduces a self-growing scaffold for bone regeneration, enabling minimally invasive implantation and controlled in vivo expansion. This technique significantly enhances vertical bone augmentation in challenging defects.

Keywords:
macrophage polarizationobsolete injuriesself‐growing scaffoldshape‐memory hydrogel

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Current tissue regeneration scaffolds face limitations in precise defect size matching and implantation for obsolete defects with lost spatial integrity.
  • Existing methods struggle with confined boundary tissues, hindering effective scaffold integration and defect filling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and evaluate a novel space-expanding regeneration model using a self-growing (SG) scaffold for refractory alveolar ridge vertical bone augmentation.
  • To demonstrate the capacity of the SG scaffold for controlled in vivo size expansion and its efficacy in promoting bone regeneration.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of an SG scaffold composed of a multistage hydrophilic polymer network designed for controlled absorption of tissue fluid and in vivo growth.
  • Evaluation of the scaffold's mechanical properties, including shearing force effects on hematoma suppression and extracellular matrix remodeling.
  • Assessment of macrophage polarization (M2) and secretion of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in response to the SG scaffold.

Main Results:

  • The SG scaffold demonstrated controlled in vivo expansion, achieving a significant vertical bone increase (approximately 5-fold) in rat skull defects.
  • The expanded scaffold successfully supported the integration of a 6-mm titanium implant.
  • The scaffold's properties promoted M2 macrophage polarization and TGF-β1 secretion, contributing to enhanced bone regeneration.

Conclusions:

  • The self-growing scaffold offers a viable solution for space and border extension in regenerating obsolete tissue defects, particularly in alveolar bone augmentation.
  • This innovative approach overcomes previous limitations, providing a pathway for more effective and minimally invasive regenerative treatments.