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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions is strongly influenced by the orbital symmetry of the polyene HOMO. Under thermal conditions, the reaction proceeds via the ground-state HOMO.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 17, 2025

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Published on: April 10, 2018

Constructing Tunable Strain-Engineered CdS Catalyst toward High Selective CO₂-to-CO Electroreduction.

Jianya He¹, Jiahui Hua², Zhongliao Wang²

¹Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Centre of Structure and Property for New Energy and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, P. R. China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)

|July 1, 2025

Summary

Strain engineering in C, N-incorporated CdS electrocatalysts enhances CO2 reduction. This method precisely tunes microstrain to boost catalytic activity for efficient CO2 conversion to CO.

Keywords:

CdS electrochemical CO2RR electron enrichment strain engineering

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrochemistry
Catalysis

Background:

Designing efficient electrocatalysts requires understanding how strain affects active sites and adsorption.
Precisely controlling local microstrain to tune catalyst properties is a significant challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a method for constructing electrocatalysts with tunable microstrain environments.
To investigate the impact of microstrain on the electronic structure and CO2 adsorption of CdS-based catalysts.

Main Methods:

Synthesized C, N-incorporated CdS with varying microstrain levels by treating Cd3(C3N3S3)2 coordination polymers at different hydrothermal temperatures.
Utilized theoretical analysis to study the electronic structure and adsorption mechanisms.
Evaluated catalyst performance for electrochemical CO2 reduction to CO.

Main Results:

Tunable microstrain was achieved in C, N-incorporated CdS, influencing electronic properties.
Embedded carbon atoms induced tensile strain and enhanced electron localization at Cd sites.
Strain engineering significantly strengthened *COOH adsorption, a key step in CO2 reduction.
The optimized CdTMT-170 catalyst demonstrated ≈100% Faradaic efficiency for CO2 to CO conversion at high current density.

Conclusions:

Strain engineering is an effective strategy for designing advanced electrocatalysts.
The developed method allows precise control over the microstrain environment of active centers.
This approach holds promise for developing highly efficient catalysts for CO2 reduction.