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Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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The Central Dogma01:20

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The central dogma explains the flow of genetic information from DNA nucleotides to the amino acid sequence of proteins.
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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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The lysogenic cycle is a crucial viral replication strategy that allows bacteriophages to persist within host cells without immediately destroying them. This process is primarily observed in temperate phages, such as bacteriophage lambda (λ), which infects Escherichia coli. The cycle allows the viral genome to persist across bacterial generations while keeping host cells viable.Integration of the Viral GenomeUpon infection, bacteriophage lambda attaches to the bacterial surface and injects...
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Isolation of Fidelity Variants of RNA Viruses and Characterization of Virus Mutation Frequency
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Genetic Code-Locking Confers Stable Virus Resistance to a Recoded Organism.

Jérôme F Zürcher1, Alexandre Dickson1, Tomás Kappes2

  • 1Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, England, U.K.

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Refactoring the genetic code offers temporary resistance to viruses. Locking this refactored genetic code is crucial for stable, long-term antiviral defense against mobile genetic elements.

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Area of Science:

  • Synthetic biology
  • Genetics
  • Virology

Background:

  • The genetic code dictates the translation of codons into amino acids.
  • Modifying this code can create novel cellular functions.
  • Canonical genetic code reassignment is a key area of synthetic biology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if altering the genetic code structure can confer resistance to viruses.
  • To determine the necessity of 'locking' the refactored code for sustained resistance.

Main Methods:

  • Engineering cells with refactored genetic codes.
  • Assessing resistance to mobile genetic elements (viruses).
  • Evaluating the stability and reversibility of the refactored code.

Main Results:

  • Refactoring the genetic code structure alone provides temporary resistance to viruses.
  • Unlocking the refactored code leads to its reversion and loss of resistance.
  • Stable resistance requires the refactored genetic code to be locked-in.

Conclusions:

  • Genetic code refactoring is a viable strategy for conferring temporary antiviral resistance.
  • Locking the refactored genetic code is essential for durable resistance against viral infections.
  • This approach has implications for developing novel antiviral strategies and understanding genome stability.