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Related Concept Videos

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

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Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into...
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Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment...
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Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Issues And Trends In Healthcare Delivery System01:29

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The issues and trends in healthcare delivery are constantly changing. The COVID-19 pandemic is one recent issue that wreaked havoc on healthcare systems, causing a shortage of healthcare workers, high demand for medicines and supplies, and increased medical expenditure due to a lack of insurance. Other issues include rising healthcare costs and care fragmentation.
Cost Containment
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Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

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Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively...
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Research Gaps, Challenges, and Opportunities in Automated Insulin Delivery Systems.

Peter G Jacobs1,2, Carol J Levy3, Sue A Brown4

  • 1College of Bioengineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.

Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
|July 1, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Automated insulin delivery (AID) systems improve type 1 diabetes management but require user input for meals and exercise. Future AID systems will use AI for broader support, including for older adults and pregnant individuals.

Keywords:
CGMCSIIHbA1cartificial pancreasautomated insulin deliveryexercisehyperglycemiahypoglycemiainsulin pumpolder adultsphysical activitypregnancytime below rangetime in range

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology and Diabetes Technology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare

Background:

  • Type 1 diabetes (T1D) management has advanced significantly since insulin's discovery.
  • Insulin pumps, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), and automated insulin delivery (AID) systems enhance T1D care.
  • Current AID systems have limitations, particularly in managing meals and exercise, and are not universally applicable.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the commercialization of AID systems for T1D.
  • To identify challenges and research gaps in developing more advanced AID systems.
  • To discuss the potential of single- and multi-hormone AID systems for improved glucose management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature and technological advancements in AID systems.
  • Discussion of challenges in AID system design and implementation.
  • Exploration of research gaps for future AID system development.

Main Results:

  • Further research is needed for AID systems that automatically manage meals and exercise without user input.
  • Current AID systems are not optimized for specific populations like older adults or pregnant individuals.
  • New AID systems demonstrating automatic response to meals and exercise are emerging, with evaluations in diverse populations.

Conclusions:

  • Next-generation AID systems must cater to all individuals, including older adults, pregnant people, and athletes.
  • Advanced AID systems will integrate artificial intelligence and adaptive control for broader applicability.
  • Technological advancements are paving the way for more inclusive and effective AID systems for T1D management.