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Related Concept Videos

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

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Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into...
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Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
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Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Issues And Trends In Healthcare Delivery System01:29

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The issues and trends in healthcare delivery are constantly changing. The COVID-19 pandemic is one recent issue that wreaked havoc on healthcare systems, causing a shortage of healthcare workers, high demand for medicines and supplies, and increased medical expenditure due to a lack of insurance. Other issues include rising healthcare costs and care fragmentation.
Cost Containment
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Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

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Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively...
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Research Gaps, Challenges, and Opportunities in Automated Insulin Delivery Systems.

Peter G Jacobs1,2, Carol J Levy3, Sue A Brown4

  • 1College of Bioengineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.

Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics
|July 1, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Automated insulin delivery (AID) systems have improved type 1 diabetes (T1D) management but require user input for meals and exercise. Future AID systems will use AI for fully automated glucose control in all T1D individuals.

Keywords:
CGMCSIIHbA1cartificial pancreasautomated insulin deliveryexercisehyperglycemiahypoglycemiainsulin pumpolder adultsphysical activitypregnancytime below rangetime in range

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Artificial Intelligence in Medicine

Background:

  • The discovery of insulin revolutionized type 1 diabetes (T1D) care.
  • Technological advancements like insulin pumps, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), and automated insulin delivery (AID) systems have significantly improved T1D management and quality of life.
  • Current AID systems require manual input for meals and exercise, limiting their autonomy and applicability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the commercialization of AID systems for T1D.
  • To identify challenges and research gaps in current AID technology.
  • To discuss the development of next-generation AID systems for broader patient populations and enhanced automation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and commercialized AID systems.
  • Discussion of research findings on AID systems' performance, including overnight use.
  • Exploration of emerging technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) and adaptive control for future AID systems.

Main Results:

  • AID systems have successfully improved glucose management and HbA1c levels in people with T1D.
  • Current AID systems perform optimally overnight and require user meal/exercise announcements.
  • New AID systems demonstrate automatic responses to meals and exercise, with evaluations in older adults and pregnant individuals.

Conclusions:

  • Next-generation AID systems must be fully automated and cater to diverse populations including older adults, pregnant individuals, and athletes.
  • Advanced AI and adaptive control are key to developing intelligent AID systems that do not require carbohydrate estimations.
  • Future AID systems will offer more comprehensive glucose management for all individuals living with T1D.