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Microencapsulation of Monascus Red Pigment Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ghosts: Process Optimization and

Mohammed S Khalil1, Shaimaa O Makled2, Nefertiti El-Nikhely1,3

  • 1Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.

Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins
|July 1, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Monascus red pigment (MRP) was microencapsulated using yeast cell ghosts (ScGs) for enhanced drug delivery. This novel bioformulation improved MRP

Keywords:
Monascus red pigmentSaccharomyces cerevisiaeCytotoxicityGhostsMolecular dockingRelease

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Microbiology
  • Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

  • Monascus red pigment (MRP) possesses therapeutic potential but requires improved delivery methods.
  • Microbial secondary metabolites offer opportunities for novel therapeutic agents.
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae ghosts (ScGs) are a viable biocarrier for encapsulating bioactive compounds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and optimize a microencapsulation technique for Monascus red pigment (MRP) using Saccharomyces cerevisiae ghosts (ScGs).
  • To characterize the resulting MRP-ScGs bioformulation and evaluate its drug release profile.
  • To assess the enhanced bioactivity and cellular uptake of microencapsulated MRP for potential biomedical applications.

Main Methods:

  • Microencapsulation of MRP within S. cerevisiae ghosts.
  • Morphological characterization using light, electron, and confocal microscopy.
  • Optimization of microencapsulation parameters using Box-Behnken design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM).
  • Drug release studies in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with Tween 80.
  • Cytotoxicity assays against A549 lung cancer cells.
  • In silico bioinformatic analysis for target prediction.

Main Results:

  • Successfully generated S. cerevisiae ghosts (ScGs) with preserved structure and suitable internal volume for microencapsulation.
  • Optimized microencapsulation yielded a loading efficiency of 61.4% under specific conditions (25°C, 300 mg/mL MRP, 125 rpm, 90 min).
  • Microencapsulated MRP (MRP-ScGs) exhibited a biphasic sustained release profile and enhanced cytotoxicity against A549 lung cancer cells compared to free MRP.
  • Confocal microscopy confirmed increased cellular uptake of MRP-ScGs, correlating with enhanced bioactivity.

Conclusions:

  • MRP-ScGs represent a promising bio-microcapsule platform for biomedical applications, offering structural stability.
  • The microencapsulation process significantly enhanced the therapeutic potential and cellular uptake of Monascus red pigment.
  • In silico analysis suggests potential for targeted drug delivery applications of MRP-ScGs.