Systemic lupus erythematosus. A diagnostic and therapeutic puzzle

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) constitutes a model autoimmune disease characterized by a heterogeneous patient population, diverse manifestations, and disease flares and remissions. Consequently, individualized treatment programs are essential. Given the significant toxic effects of corticosteroid and immunosuppressive therapy, minor disease activity in SLE should be managed conservatively. In contrast, major disease activity is potentially life-threatening; thus, it should be treated as aggressively as possible to rapidly restore organ function. By using the clinical and laboratory parameters now available, the clinician can diagnose SLE early in its course and monitor disease activity and patient response to treatment.