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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions.

Valence Bond Theory

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Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

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In ordinary chemical reactions, the nucleus — which contains the protons and neutrons of each atom and thus identifies the element — remains unchanged. Electrons, however, can be added to atoms by transfer from other atoms, lost by transfer to other atoms, or shared with other atoms. The transfer and sharing of electrons among atoms govern the chemistry of the elements. During the formation of some compounds, atoms gain or lose electrons to form electrically charged particles called...

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Updated: Sep 17, 2025

Author Spotlight: Magnetometric Characterization of Intermediates in the Solid-State Electrochemistry of Redox-Active Metal-Organic Frameworks

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Ba₇Nb₄MoO₂₀: A Proton or Oxide Ion Conductor?

Sara Adeeba Ismail¹, Kazuaki Toyoura², Lulu Jiang¹

¹College of Energy, Soochow University, No 1 Shizi Street, Gusu District, Suzhou 215006, China.

Journal of the American Chemical Society

|July 1, 2025

Summary

Ba7Nb4MoO20 is a pure oxide ion conductor, not a proton conductor. Hydration can enhance oxide ion conductivity at higher temperatures by releasing ions.

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Published on: October 12, 2019

Area of Science:

Solid-state chemistry
Materials science
Ion conduction

Background:

Ba7Nb4MoO20 is a promising fast oxide ion conductor.
Previous studies suggested proton conduction in humid atmospheres, conflicting with new findings.

Purpose of the Study:

To clarify the conduction mechanism in Ba7Nb4MoO20 under varying humidity.
To investigate the role of hydration on ionic conductivity.

Main Methods:

Theoretical calculations to assess proton mobility.
Electromotive force (EMF) measurements up to 800 °C.
Analysis of H2O/D2O isotope effects.

Main Results:

Theoretical and experimental evidence shows minimal proton mobility.
Ba7Nb4MoO20 exhibits predominantly oxide ion conduction.
Hydration stabilizes interstitial oxide ions, initially reducing conductivity (<400 °C).
Above 400 °C, hydration enhances oxide ion conductivity by facilitating proton injection and releasing oxide ions.

Conclusions:

Ba7Nb4MoO20 is confirmed as a near-pure oxide ion conductor.
Hydration plays a complex role, potentially enhancing oxide ion conduction at elevated temperatures.