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Updated: Sep 17, 2025

Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities
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Development and validation of academic involution scale for college students.

Yiqing He1, Xinyi Liu2

  • 1School of Education, Tianjin University, Building#33, Beiyang Campus, Tianjin, China. yiqing.he@tju.edu.cn.

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|July 1, 2025
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A new scale effectively measures academic involution in Chinese college students, identifying key factors like excessive comparison and hyper-competition. This tool demonstrates good reliability and validity for educational research.

Keywords:
Academic involutionChinese scaleScale developmentStudents

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Area of Science:

  • Educational Psychology
  • Sociology of Education
  • Psychometrics

Background:

  • Academic involution is a growing concern among Chinese college students.
  • Existing measures may not fully capture the multifaceted nature of this phenomenon.
  • Understanding academic involution is crucial for student well-being and academic success.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a comprehensive scale for assessing academic involution among Chinese college students.
  • To identify the core dimensions contributing to academic involution in higher education.

Main Methods:

  • Scale development involved in-depth interviews and analysis of existing competition scales.
  • Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were conducted on two datasets (N=220, N=500).
  • Reliability (Cronbach's alpha, split-half) and validity (convergent, discriminant, criterion) were rigorously tested.

Main Results:

  • The final 26-item scale comprises six factors: excessive comparison (EC), futile effort (FE), hyper-competition (HC), negative moods (NM), academic opportunism (AO), and vicious competition (VC).
  • The six-factor model demonstrated satisfactory fit in CFA, with high factor loadings and good reliability (CR > 0.7, AVE > 0.45).
  • The scale showed good discriminant validity and significant correlations with academic anxiety, supporting its criterion validity.

Conclusions:

  • The developed Academic Involution Scale (AIS) is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring academic involution in Chinese college students.
  • The scale's dimensions provide valuable insights into the characteristics of academic involution.
  • Findings highlight significant differences in academic involution based on institutional tier and GPA ranking, informing targeted interventions.