Structural re-evaluation of the human gluteus maximus

Area of Science:

• Anatomy
• Biomechanics
• Kinesiology

Background:

• The gluteus maximus (GM) is crucial for hip extension.
• Existing literature suggests the superior GM portion inserts mainly into the iliotibial tract, creating a functional discrepancy.
• This challenges the understanding of GM's role in hip joint movement.

Purpose of the Study:

• To precisely re-evaluate the anatomical insertion of the gluteus maximus (GM).
• To resolve the discrepancy between the known structure and function of the GM.
• To provide accurate anatomical data for reinterpreting GM kinesiology.

Main Methods:

• Examination of 25 formalin-fixed Japanese cadavers.
• Detailed dissection and observation of the gluteus maximus and its insertions.
• Analysis of the relationship between the superior and inferior portions of the GM and surrounding structures.

Main Results:

• The superior three-fourths of the GM form a strong tendon inserting primarily into the femur's gluteal tuberosity.
• Partial adhesions to the iliotibial tract were observed.
• The inferior GM portion connects to a complex including the lateral femoral intermuscular septum and vastus lateralis tendon.

Conclusions:

• The larger superior GM portion inserts mainly into the femur, directly contributing to hip joint extension.
• The inferior GM portion plays a supportive role.
• These findings necessitate reinterpretation of kinesiological data concerning the gluteus maximus for improved understanding of human locomotion.