AI and IoT-powered edge device optimized for crop pest and disease detection

Climate change exacerbates the challenges of maintaining crop health by influencing invasive pest and disease infestations, especially for cereal crops, leading to enormous yield losses. Consequently, innovative solutions are needed to monitor crop health from early development stages through harvesting. While various technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), machine learning (ML), and artificial intelligence (AI), have been used, portable, cost-effective, and energy-efficient solutions suitable for resource-constrained environments such as edge applications in agriculture are needed. This study presents the development of a portable smart IoT device that integrates a lightweight convolutional neural network (CNN), called Tiny-LiteNet, optimized for edge applications with built-in support of model explainability. The system consists of a high-definition camera for real-time plant image acquisition, a Raspberry-Pi 5 integrated with the Tiny-LiteNet model for edge processing, and a GSM/GPRS module for cloud communication. The experimental results demonstrated that Tiny-LiteNet achieved up to 98.6% accuracy, 98.4% F1-score, 98.2% Recall, 80 ms inference time, while maintaining a compact model size of 1.2 MB with 1.48 million parameters, outperforming traditional CNN architectures such as VGGNet-16, Inception, ResNet50, DenseNet121, MobileNetv2, and EfficientNetB0 in terms of efficiency and suitability for edge computing. Additionally, the low power consumption and user-friendly design of this smart device make it a practical tool for farmers, enabling real-time pest and disease detection, promoting sustainable agriculture, and enhancing food security.