Biocontrol of plant pathogens by actinomycetes: a bibliometric analysis and systematic review

Fungal disease control in agricultural crops represents one of the major challenges in modern agriculture. While synthetic fungicides are effective, their continuous use leads to pathogen resistance, environmental harm, and health risks to humans and animals. Within this context, the present study aims to review current knowledge regarding the use of actinomycetes as biological alternatives, focusing on the identification of molecules produced by these microorganisms that are responsible for biocontrol or biostimulant activity in plants. Actinomycetes are known for synthesizing bioactive compounds with antifungal, antibacterial, and plant growth-promoting properties. Among them, the genus Streptomyces stands out for its wide ecological distribution and key role in suppressing phytopathogens through the production of secondary metabolites such as antibiotics, lytic enzymes, siderophores, and resistance inducers. This review compiles findings from laboratory-based antibiosis assays, pathogen interaction studies, and the development of microbial-based inputs. The biotechnological potential of actinomycetes has led to the emergence of novel biocontrol agents that may replace conventional fungicides while also supporting bioremediation efforts, including pesticide degradation and the breakdown of toxic residues. These advances have been driven by cutting-edge biotechnological tools. Key findings highlight that actinomycetes, particularly Streptomyces spp., are effective against diverse phytopathogens, promote plant health, and contribute to environmental sustainability. In conclusion, the use of actinomycetes represents a viable and innovative alternative for sustainable disease management in agriculture.