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Long-Term Memory

Long-Term Memory

Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
Long-term memory can be categorized into two primary types: explicit and implicit memory. Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, involves the conscious recollection of information that we deliberately try to remember, recall, and articulate. This type of memory encompasses specific facts, events, and...

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 17, 2025

Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation

Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation

Published on: November 26, 2019

Predicting long-term memory via pupillometry.

Oria Pitem¹, Yaniv Mama²

¹Department of Psychology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.

Scientific Reports

|July 2, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Pupil size predicts memory performance. Larger pupils during encoding and even before stimulus presentation indicate words will be remembered later, supporting the "readiness to remember" framework.

Keywords:

Arousal Attention Encoding Long-term memory Pupillometry

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Last Updated: Sep 17, 2025

Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation

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Published on: November 26, 2019

Eye Movement Monitoring of Memory

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Published on: August 15, 2010

Pupillometry to Assess Auditory Sensation in Guinea Pigs

Pupillometry to Assess Auditory Sensation in Guinea Pigs

Published on: January 6, 2023

Area of Science:

Cognitive Neuroscience
Psychology

Background:

Pupil size is linked to autonomic nervous system activity and arousal.
Previous research on pupil size during memory encoding produced inconsistent findings.
Few studies have explored the role of baseline pupil size in memory.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate if pupil diameter before and during stimulus presentation predicts memory performance.
To test the hypothesis that larger pupils correlate with successful memory recall.

Main Methods:

Two experiments were conducted involving 95 psychology students.
Eye-tracking technology was used to measure pupil diameter during a long-term memory task.

Main Results:

Larger pupil size was observed when participants studied words that were later successfully retrieved.
This effect was also present during the baseline period before word presentation.
Findings support the "readiness to remember" (R2R) framework.

Conclusions:

Pupillary responses before and during stimulus encoding can predict future memory performance.
Baseline pupil size may reflect an individual's state of attention and readiness to remember.
Pupillometry offers a potential non-invasive method for assessing memory-related cognitive states.