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Updated: Sep 17, 2025

Dynamic Digital Biomarkers of Motor and Cognitive Function in Parkinson's Disease
Published on: July 24, 2019
Aerobic exercise-induced changes in fluid biomarkers in Parkinson's disease
Nijee S Luthra1, Niyati Mehta2, Miranda J Munoz2
1Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. nijee.luthra@ucsf.edu.
Abstract:
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms that progressively deteriorate and for which there is no disease-modifying pharmacological treatment. Exercise is widely recommended for individuals with PD due to its potential neuroprotective benefits. However, the mechanisms underlying these exercise-induced effects in PD remain poorly understood. Analyzing fluid biomarkers responsive to exercise could offer valuable insights into the mechanisms by which exercise impacts PD and aid in optimizing exercise prescriptions for individuals with PD. This review explores exercise-responsive biomarkers categorized into three key groups-neurotrophic, inflammatory, and neuroendocrine markers. It highlights both well-validated biomarkers and candidates with promising potential. We also highlight key biomarkers linked to PD pathology, such as α-synuclein, and their potential connection to exercise based on current evidence. Comprehensive characterization of these biomarkers will advance our understanding of the biological effects of exercise in PD, enabling mechanism-based and objective measures to evaluate exercise response in future clinical trials and its impact on PD signs and symptoms.
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