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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Circular RNA expression in ALS is progressively deregulated and tissue-dependent.

Leticia Moreno-García1,2, Laura Moreno-Martínez1,2, Miriam de la Torre1,2

  • 1Laboratory of Genetics and Biochemistry (LAGENBIO), Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Animal Genetics, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Biomedical Research Networking Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Agroalimentary Institute of Aragon (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain.

BMC Genomics
|July 2, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) show altered expression in the central nervous system and skeletal muscle of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) models and patients. These circRNAs may be involved in ALS pathogenesis and could offer therapeutic potential.

Keywords:
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosisCentral nervous systemCircular RNANeurodegenerationNon-coding RNASOD1G93A miceSkeletal muscle

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play roles in neuronal and muscular functions.
  • Dysregulation of circRNAs is linked to neurodegenerative diseases and myopathies.
  • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) affects the central nervous system (CNS) and skeletal muscle.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate circRNA expression in the CNS and skeletal muscle of ALS.
  • Determine if circRNA patterns differ between tissues and sexes in ALS.
  • Assess circRNA relevance in sporadic ALS (sALS) patients.

Main Methods:

  • CircRNA sequencing in spinal cord from SOD1G93A ALS mice.
  • Literature search for potentially ALS-involved circRNAs.
  • Quantitative analysis of circRNAs in mouse spinal cord, quadriceps muscle, and human sALS brain samples.

Main Results:

  • Selected circRNAs were downregulated in SOD1G93A mouse spinal cord and upregulated in muscle.
  • Tissue-dependent expression patterns were consistent across sexes.
  • CircRNA levels decreased in the CNS of sALS patients, mirroring mouse model findings.

Conclusions:

  • CircRNA expression is altered in ALS-affected tissues in a progressive and opposing manner.
  • CircRNAs are potentially implicated in ALS pathogenesis.
  • CircRNAs may serve as future biomarkers or therapeutic targets for ALS.