The hierarchical folding dynamics of topologically associating domains during early embryo development

Recent research has indicated a close connection between the three-dimensional (3D) structure of chromatin and early embryo development, with precise higher-order chromatin folding playing a significant role in mediating gene expression. However, the specific role of 3D genomic hierarchical structure and its dynamics in early embryo development remains largely unknown.

In this study, we examined the hierarchical topological association domain (TAD) during early embryo development and its relationship with zygotic gene activation (ZGA), gene expression, and chromatin accessibility to gain a better understanding of the dynamics of TAD nesting levels during this developmental stage. Our findings show that ZGA precedes the establishment of hierarchical TAD, leading to widespread gene expression, an increase in the percentage of high-level TAD structures, and enhanced chromatin accessibility at higher hierarchical levels. Additionally, we utilized a deep neural network to investigate the formation of TAD boundaries and found that histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) and histone H3 lysine trimethylation (H3K27me3) are key features in the establishment of TAD boundaries. Furthermore, we observed heterogeneous dynamics of hierarchical TAD among different species.

Overall, our study sheds light on the folding dynamics of hierarchical TADs during early embryo development and underscores their close relationship with transcriptional programs.