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Mitochondrial Membranes

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...

The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria. In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...

Mitochondria

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

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Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...

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Updated: Sep 17, 2025

Evaluation of Bioenergetic Function in Cerebral Vascular Endothelial Cells

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Published on: November 19, 2016

Powering Up the Brain: Intercellular Mitochondrial Quality Control and Its Implication in Stroke.

Xinyu Zhou¹, Shenzhe Wu^1,2, Tianxi Huang¹

¹Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.

Current Neuropharmacology

|July 2, 2025

Summary

Mitochondrial quality control (MQC) maintains neuron health. Intercellular MQC, where cells share or discard mitochondria, offers new therapeutic strategies for neurological disorders like stroke.

Keywords:

Intercellular mitochondrial quality control intercellular mitochondrial transport stroke.trans mitophagy

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cell Biology
Mitochondrial Biology

Background:

Mitochondrial dysfunction is linked to neurological disorders, especially stroke.
Mitochondrial quality control (MQC) is crucial for neuronal survival and function.
Neurons employ intracellular strategies like autophagy and biogenesis for MQC.

Purpose of the Study:

To summarize key discoveries in intercellular MQC within the nervous system.
To discuss the therapeutic potential of intercellular MQC strategies for stroke.
To highlight the role of intercellular mitochondrial transfer and degradation.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on intercellular mitochondrial dynamics in neurological conditions.
Analysis of adaptive strategies employed by neurons under ischemic stress.
Examination of glial cell roles in degrading damaged mitochondria.

Main Results:

Intercellular MQC involves both transfer of functional mitochondria to stressed neurons and removal of damaged mitochondria by glial cells.
Dysfunctional mitochondria released by injured neurons can harm surrounding cells.
Functional mitochondria can be transferred between cells to restore neuronal networks.

Conclusions:

Intercellular MQC represents a significant, yet under-explored, mechanism for maintaining neuronal health.
Targeting intercellular MQC pathways holds promise for novel stroke therapies.
Understanding these intercellular dynamics is key to developing effective treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.