Air pollution and cardiovascular diseases: mechanisms, evidence, and mitigation strategies

One of the most urgent environmental health issues is air pollution, which has a major effect on cardiovascular health. Among other pollutants, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been connected to a number of cardiovascular illnesses (CVDs), including myocardial infarction, stroke, and hypertension. The purpose of this review was to summarize current research on the processes by which air pollution raises the risk of CVD and to investigate mitigation and preventative measures. A review of peer-reviewed articles published between 2015 and 2025 was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The review focused on studies examining the relationship between PM2.5 and cardiovascular diseases, incorporating epidemiological, experimental, and clinical perspectives. PM2.5 and other pollutants exacerbate CVD risk through mechanisms such as autonomic instability, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Risks are disproportionately high for vulnerable groups, such as the elderly and those with underlying cardiovascular diseases. Targeted public health policies, stricter air quality regulations, and increased public awareness are essential to mitigate the cardiovascular risks posed by air pollution. Immediate action is imperative to safeguard global health.