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Host Immune Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection: Implications for Vaccine Development
Qianfei Liu1,2, Songnian Que1,2, Yixuan Qiu1,2
1Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
Journal of Inflammation Research
|July 2, 2025
Summary
Understanding the host immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection is vital for developing new tuberculosis (TB) vaccines and treatments. This review details immune cells and animal models involved in TB pathogenesis and control.
Area of Science:
- Immunology
- Infectious Diseases
- Microbiology
Background:
- Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), infects a quarter of the global population, with 5-10% progressing to active disease.
- Developing effective vaccines and immunotherapies requires a deep understanding of the host immune response to Mtb infection.
- Current TB eradication efforts face challenges due to the high prevalence of infection and the complex host-pathogen interactions.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review animal models of TB infection and elucidate the host's innate and adaptive immune responses to Mtb.
- To summarize the mechanisms of Mtb recognition, immune evasion, and the roles of various immune cells in TB pathogenesis.
- To provide insights into the development of novel TB vaccines and immunotherapies by analyzing host immune responses.
Main Methods:
- Comprehensive review of existing literature on TB infection models and host immune responses.
- Detailed examination of the functions of macrophages, neutrophils, monocytes, NK cells, dendritic cells, T cells (CD4+ and CD8+), and B cells in Mtb infection.
- Analysis of current tuberculosis vaccines in clinical trials and their relation to host immune responses.
Main Results:
- Macrophages phagocytose Mtb, but the pathogen employs strategies to evade immune responses.
- Neutrophils, monocytes, NK cells, dendritic cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and B cells play distinct and crucial roles in controlling or succumbing to Mtb infection.
- Understanding these immune cell dynamics is essential for evaluating vaccine efficacy and therapeutic strategies.
Conclusions:
- Studying host immune responses to Mtb infection is paramount for developing effective tuberculosis vaccines and treatments.
- This review provides a foundation for future research directions in TB eradication.
- Knowledge of immune mechanisms guides the development of novel immunotherapies and vaccine candidates.
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