Spirulina as a natural shield: a comprehensive review of its protective effects against lead toxicity

Lead toxicity remains a significant global health challenge, causing cancers and profound effects on the neurological, hepatic, cardiovascular, renal, skeletal, reproductive, and hematologic systems. Despite ongoing public health efforts, vulnerable populations, particularly children and those in lead-related occupations, continue to suffer from its impacts. This review article presents Spirulina platensis, a nutrient-rich cyanobacterium, as a promising dietary supplement with potential protective effects against lead toxicity. Spirulina's multifaceted mechanisms of action, including antioxidant properties, heavy metal chelation, anti-inflammatory effects, and immunomodulation, position it as a viable therapeutic option for mitigating lead-induced damage. A comprehensive evaluation of current in vitro and in vivo studies highlights Spirulina's ability to reduce oxidative stress and improve organ function in lead-exposed models. While the potential benefits of Spirulina are evident, challenges, such as variability in product quality and need for standardized protocols, must be addressed. This review emphasizes the importance of further research to explore the long-term effects of Spirulina supplementation and its integration into public health strategies aimed at reducing lead toxicity. Ultimately, Spirulina platensis represents a natural intervention that could enhance detoxification efforts and improve health outcomes for individuals affected by lead exposure.