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Related Concept Videos

What are Viruses?00:50

What are Viruses?

Overview
Viral Structure00:56

Viral Structure

Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages01:30

Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages

Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the lytic replication...
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Packaging HIV- or FIV-based Lentivector Expression Constructs & Transduction of VSV-G Pseudotyped Viral Particles
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Tailoring the Methods of Conjugation and Characterization for a Replication-Competent, Live, Viral Vector.

Elise Ishida1, Richard Dambra1, Sally Ye1

  • 1Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 900 Ridgebury Rd, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States.

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|July 2, 2025
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Summary

Researchers optimized labeling and purification methods for virus particles, creating tool viruses for advanced gene therapies. This streamlines the development of viral vector therapies for patients.

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Virology
  • Gene Therapy

Background:

  • Functionalizing virus particles is key for developing viral vector therapies.
  • Labeling large, active virus particles presents purification and characterization challenges.
  • Labeling and purification processes can affect viral biological activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present optimized methods for labeling, purifying, and characterizing virus particles.
  • To adapt traditional biologics techniques for viral vector development.
  • To generate tool viruses for nonclinical and clinical applications.

Main Methods:

  • Adapted conjugation, purification, and characterization methods from biologics.
  • Applied methods to replication-competent rhabdovirus VSV-GP-GFP.
  • Confirmed purity and quantified the degree of labeling (DoL).

Main Results:

  • Successfully tailored label/particle ratios for tool viruses.
  • Demonstrated a comprehensive workflow for virus particle functionalization.
  • Ensured purity and characterized the labeling degree.

Conclusions:

  • Developed robust methods for viral vector functionalization.
  • Facilitated the creation of tool viruses for therapeutic development.
  • Aims to accelerate the delivery of viral vector therapies to patients.