Sterile Intraocular Inflammation Following Intravitreal Injections: Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, and Management

Intravitreal injections have revolutionized the treatment of retinal diseases, yet there are possible complications, such as noninfectious intraocular inflammation, a complication that may threaten vision and mimic infectious endophthalmitis. This review synthesizes current knowledge on inflammation after intravitreal therapy, with particular focus on sterile intraocular inflammation and retinal vasculitis associated with anti-VEGF agents such as brolucizumab and newer complement inhibitors like pegcetacoplan. The pathogenesis is multifactorial, involving patient-specific immune responses, drug-specific properties including aggregation or impurities, and deviations in preparation or delivery techniques. Clinical presentations range from anterior uveitis and vitritis to occlusive retinal vasculitis. Visual outcomes vary and depend on prompt recognition and appropriate management. Epidemiologic data show variable incidence across agents, with brolucizumab demonstrating higher rates of inflammation compared with ranibizumab or aflibercept. Treatment includes corticosteroids and discontinuation of the offending agent, with rare cases requiring surgical intervention. As the therapeutic landscape expands, heightened awareness and standardized evaluation of postinjection inflammation are critical to improving safety and preserving vision.