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Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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Updated: Sep 17, 2025

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Targeting HBV with RNA interference: Paths to cure.

Matteo Iannacone1,2, Cristian G Beccaria1,2, Lena Allweiss3,4

  • 1Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.

Science Translational Medicine
|July 2, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is hard to cure due to persistent viral elements and immune evasion. RNA interference (RNAi) therapies show promise by reducing viral RNA, potentially leading to a functional cure.

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection impacts millions globally.
  • Challenges to a functional cure include stable viral DNA (cccDNA), integrated sequences, and immune evasion.
  • Current treatments poorly affect HBV transcription, leading to persistent antigens and immune dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential of RNA interference (RNAi) therapies for treating chronic HBV infection.
  • To evaluate the impact of RNAi on viral replication, antigen expression, and cccDNA activity.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated RNA interference (RNAi) mechanisms targeting HBV RNAs.
  • Assessed the effects of RNAi on viral transcription, replication, and antigen production.

Main Results:

  • RNAi therapies effectively reduce HBV RNA levels.
  • Targeting HBV RNAs leads to decreased viral replication and antigen expression.
  • RNAi demonstrates a potential to reduce the activity of the covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA).

Conclusions:

  • RNA interference (RNAi) presents a promising therapeutic strategy for chronic hepatitis B.
  • RNAi therapies may offer a pathway toward achieving a functional cure for HBV infection by targeting viral RNAs.