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Updated: Sep 17, 2025
A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion
Published on: September 25, 2014
Long-Term Health-Related Quality of Life and Perceptions of Recovery in Adults Who Received Clinical Profiles
Melissa N Womble1, Kori J Durfee, Sabrina Jennings
1Author Affiliations: Inova Sports Medicine Concussion Program (Womble, Jennings, Dollar); Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation/Office for Sport Concussion Research, University of Arkansas (Durfee, Elbin); Inova Physical Therapy (Fedor); and Department of Psychology, Saint Joseph's University (Schatz).
Objective:
Document long-term health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and recovery perceptions in adults who received clinical profiles-informed concussion care and explore risk factors that predict poor long-term HRQoL outcomes.
Setting:
Outpatient specialty concussion clinic.
Participants:
125 adults, aged 18-65 years.
Design:
A retrospective cohort design documented perceived recovery, negative life events, and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) scores in adults ( M = 33.44 years, SD = 13.31) who were medically cleared from concussion approximately 4.32 years (SD = 1.54, range = 1.11-6.30 years) following injury. Chi-square tests assessed associations among perceived recovery, negative life events, PROMIS scores, and select injury-related variables.
Main Measures:
Perceived Recovery Status, PROMIS Scale v1.2-Global Health, PROMIS 29 + 2 Profile, PROMIS v2.0-Cognitive Function, and Life Events List.
Results:
Eighty-three percent (104/125) of participants reported still being recovered from concussion, and 85% (106/125) had <2 PROMIS scores exceeding 1SD (ie, within normal limits). Fifteen percent (19/125) exhibited >3 PROMIS scores beyond 1SD. Participants endorsing multiple negative self-events in the previous 12 months had 2.95 times greater odds ( χ2 [1, 125] = 4.64, P = .03, 95% CI = 1.07-8.11) of having ≥3 PROMIS scores beyond 1SD and 2.82 times greater odds ( χ2 [1, 125] = 4.66, P = .03, 95% CI = 1.07-7.42) of not being recovered compared to participants endorsing ≤1 negative self-events. In addition to negative self-events, only anxiety ( χ2 [1, 125] = 4.25, P = .04, OR: 3.64, 95% CI: 1.00-13.26) and depression ( χ2 [1, 125] = 5.92, P = .02, OR: 3.65, 95% CI: 1.23-10.87) history predicted ≥3 PROMIS scores beyond 1SD. Other injury-related factors, including any clinical profile, symptom burden, or prolonged recovery, did not ( P> .05).
Conclusion:
The majority of adults treated with a clinical-profiles-informed care model for concussion had normal HRQoL scores 1-6 years following recovery.
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