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The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...
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Charles Darwin proposed that facial expressions are an evolutionary adaptation for communication. He argued that these expressions are not influenced by culture but are universal across species. For example, a snarling expression with exposed teeth signals a threat in many animals, including humans. Darwin also suggested that displaying an emotion can intensify the feeling. Smiling, for example, could enhance one's sense of happiness. This idea laid the foundation for understanding the role...
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Updated: Sep 17, 2025

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The Functional and Cosmetic Brow Lift.

Bailey R Minehart1, Jose E Barrera2

  • 1Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Texas Center for Facial Plastic Surgery, San Antonio, TX 78247, USA.

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|July 2, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This article details forehead and scalp anatomy for brow lift procedures. It compares various surgical approaches, aiding surgeons in selecting the best technique for optimal patient outcomes.

Keywords:
Brow liftBrow ptosisDematochalasis

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Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Anatomy
  • Facial Aesthetics

Background:

  • The forehead and scalp possess complex anatomy crucial for facial aesthetics.
  • Brow ptosis and forehead aging significantly impact facial appearance.
  • Understanding anatomical structures is vital for successful brow lift surgery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive anatomical description of the forehead and scalp relevant to brow lift.
  • To outline patient evaluation criteria for brow lift surgery.
  • To compare different brow lift surgical approaches and their indications.

Main Methods:

  • Detailed anatomical review of forehead and scalp musculature and neurovascular supply.
  • Systematic evaluation of patient factors including brow position, eyelid redundancy, and hairline.
  • Comparative analysis of coronal, pretrichial, endoscopic, temporal, direct, and mid-forehead brow lift techniques.

Main Results:

  • Specific anatomical landmarks and their relevance to surgical approaches are identified.
  • Key patient assessment parameters for selecting the optimal brow lift technique are established.
  • Each brow lift approach is evaluated based on its suitability for different patient profiles and aesthetic goals.

Conclusions:

  • The choice of brow lift approach should be tailored to individual patient anatomy and desired outcomes.
  • Comprehensive understanding of anatomy and patient assessment are critical for successful brow lift surgery.
  • Potential complications associated with brow lift procedures are discussed to inform surgical decision-making.